As a recognized mental health disorder, depression can appear in all levels of intensity, duration, and through a variety of symptoms. When it comes to severe depression, all of these factors should be considered, both in the assessment process, and when deliberating between different severe depression treatment options. Read on to understand more about this form of depression, and what can be done to alleviate its effects.
Depression: Emptiness Laid Bare
Depression is a common mood disorder whose definitive symptoms revolve around a low mood and an inability to feel pleasure. Additional symptoms include hopelessness, a lack of energy, a lack of self-worth, and emptiness.
That last symptom is a key component of understanding this condition: many patients describe feeling empty not just of happiness, but of all positive emotion, including the will to live. The emptiness described is not only internal, but external, as well, with the world itself is also seen to be devoid of joy or meaning. As a result, patients suffering from depression are left feeling alone, isolated with their anguish and believing their current situation will define the rest of their life.
Depression is one of the earliest mental health disorders to be recognized, going back thousands of years, going back to the time of the ancient Greeks. Commonly agreed-upon definitions for depression have changed, moving from a theory that it stems from black bile to Freud’s depiction of depression as a sense of unidentifiable loss, to today’s more empirical definition of depression as an emotional pain that prevents happiness.
According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), 7% of the adult population contends with clinical depression. Females are considered 1.5-3 times more likely to suffer from depression than males, with this ratio to be stable across different cultures, socioeconomic backgrounds, ethnicities and races. Its stability makes a strong case for depression growing largely from biological and hormonal factors, as opposed to environmental ones. That said, detrimental life experiences have also been shown to play a role in the appearance of this disorder.
Severe Depression: A Short Definition
The APA defines severe depression through excess in a number of fields, with cases of severe depression including all of the above:
The number of depressive symptoms greatly exceeds the minimum amount necessary for a major depressive disorder diagnosis. While five symptoms are enough to warrant a major depressive disorder diagnosis, seven-to-nine symptoms are required for a severe diagnosis to be considered.
The intensity of said symptoms causes serious distress.
Their depressive symptoms significantly interfere with their social and occupational functioning.
A case where all three exist is considered so adverse and difficult to manage, as to be considered a case of severe depression.
Severe depression often includes the more serious symptoms of depression. As such, patients with severe depression report higher rates of:
Suicidal ideation and behavior.
Poor judgment that places themselves and others at risk.
Anergia, extreme exhaustion that prevents the patient from getting out of bed
Cases of severe depression can also include psychotic features and catatonic features, and often have a history of severe/recurrent depressive episodes.
It should also be noted that severe depression is a separate definition from both treatment-resistant and long-term depression:
Treatment-resistant depression is defined as cases where the patient did not experience significant symptom alleviation from two or more medication treatments. This can either occur due to low efficacy (meaning they were ineffective), or low tolerability (meaning the patient found their side effects to be too adverse to continue taking them).
Long-term, or persistent depressive disorder, is nowadays referred to as dysthymia. This definition applies both in cases of long-term major disorder, and in cases where long-term depressive symptoms have been present, but do not meet the requirements of an official major depressive disorder diagnosis.
Treatments for Severe Depression
A number of treatments have been found to aid in significantly alleviating symptoms of severe depression:
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy, or ECT, is a medical device treatment that triggers a series of seizures, aimed to stimulate the brain and influence the cadence of neural functioning. While initially used to treat schizophrenia, ECT was discovered in the 1960s-‘80s to have a greater effect when treating depression. As a result, these days it is mainly used to treat this condition.
Though many mental health practitioners and researchers view ECT to be the most effective treatment for depression, the potential side effect of short-term memory loss prevents it from being considered a first-line depression treatment.
In addition, a great deal of patients are deterred by this treatment’s reputation, and mistakenly believe ECT (often called “shock therapy”) to be a painful and even traumatic experience. As a result, many avoid it completely.
Finally, due to ECT requiring the use of anesthesia, the treatment process itself is cumbersome and complex, compared to the ease and tolerability of more recently developed options, such as antidepressant medication and transcranial magnetic stimulation (or TMS).
Antidepressants
Antidepressant medication has been considered the go-to treatment for depression for decades. Antidepressants have developed in “generations,” with each new generation offering greater tolerability, through fewer and less severe side effects. The shift between the first and second-generation antidepressants is considered a revolution in psychopharmacology, and its effects on the field are still evident today:
First-generation antidepressants cast a wide net, by influencing three of the neurotransmitters implicated in the appearance of depression: serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. First-generation antidepressants were found to be effective in treating severe and treatment-resistant depression in particular, and are still used today to treat these subtypes of depression. That said, this group of medications can cause adverse side effects of its own, such as blurred vision and disrupted heart rate.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are considered second-generation antidepressants. SSRIs increase the activation period of the neurotransmitter serotonin, which has been found to be a mood stabilizer. Though SSRIs do not cause the concerning side effects of their predecessors, they can cause other side effects, namely weight gain and sexual dysfunction. As a result, patients with severe depression may still choose to discontinue treatment.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Another tolerable option for severe depression is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). FDA-cleared to treat this and a number of other conditions, TMS is a non-invasive medical device treatment that utilizes electromagnetic fields to safely regulate the neural activity of brain structures associated with depression. Over time, the TMS process has been shown to reduce the severity and frequency of the targeted depressive symptoms.
Unlike ECT, TMS does not cause severe side effects, does not require the use of anesthesia, and does not include a lengthy recovery period. It can also be combined with other forms of treatment, namely medication and psychotherapy, for an enhanced overall effect.
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